This course will cover plus cylinder retinoscopy and refinement. The optics behind the principles of plus cylinder retinoscopy will be covered followed by graphical examples of the procedures. The course will then move to the refinement part of the process showing methods utilizing the Jackson cross cylinder. The course will conclude with completing the refraction procedure with reading add, balancing techniques, and the duo chrome test.

1. Describe the optics of plus cylinder refraction.
2. Describe plus cylinder retinoscopy.
3. Describe plus cylinder refinement.
4. Describe techniques for further refinement the final combination of lenses.

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